This book addresses the principle of proportionality, which is currently one of the most important instruments of judicial review, from both analytical and theory of law perspectives. As such, the analysis provided is far more comprehensive and can be applied to all areas of law, not just constitutional law. On the one hand, the volume offers a broad perspective on several aspects related to proportionality, such as its structure, the balancing methodology and the distinction between rules and principles. On the (...) other, it provides an innovative, normativist and analytical approach to proportionality, helping readers understand its structure and behaviour. (shrink)

This book discusses the question of whether legal interpretation is a scientific activity. The law’s dependency on language, at least for the usual communication purposes, not only makes legal interpretation the main task performed by those whose work involves the law, but also an unavoidable step in the process of resolving a legal case. This task of decoding the words and sentences used by normative authorities while enacting norms, carried out in compliance with the principles and rules of the natural (...) language adopted, is prone to all of the difficulties stemming from the uncertainty intrinsic to all linguistic conventions. In this context, seeking to determine whether legal interpretation can be scientific or, in other words, can comply with the requirements for scientific knowledge, becomes a central question. In fact, the coherent application of the law depends on a knowledge regarding the meaning of normative sentences that can be classified as being structured, systematically organized and tendentially objective. Accordingly, this book focuses on analyzing precisely these problems; its respective contributions offer a range of revealing perspectives on both the problems and their ramifications. (shrink)

The philosophical relation between Husserl and Heidegger is a milestone in the 20th century philosophy. On the one hand, Husserl preserved the notions of subject and consciousness, avoiding naïve misconceptions of these notions and clearing new paths for philosophical investigation. On the other hand, Heidegger, departing from a criticai dialogue with Husserl’s phenomenology, challenged key presuppositions of modern philosophy by investigating the social and pragmatic dimension ofkllowledge and intentionality.

The article attempts to articulate Wittgensteinian and hermeneutic views of knowledge, language and understanding. Wittgenstein is not a member of the so-called hermeneutic tradition, but his late work has important affinities with the work of hermeneutic thinkers like Heidegger and Gadamer. Firstly, Wittgenstein and hermeneutics share a basic philosophical altitude that can be termed as “phenomenology of everydayness”. An important result of such an approach is the acknowledgement of the pragmatic and social dimension of knowledge. Secondly, Wittgenstein, Heidegger and Gadamer (...) reject formal or systematic theories of meaning and claim that language is the universal medium of human experience. Thirdly, they conceive of understanding as a practical ability. Wittgenstein helps us to clarify some hermeneutic themes and develops them from an antimetaphysical standpoint. On the other hand, hermeneutics can refine some aspects of Wittgenstein’s thought; a case in point is the Gadamerian doctrine of the fusion of horizons, which avoids the danger of relativism that lurks in Wittgenstein’s late work. A comparative study of Wittgenstein and hermeneutics contributes therefore to effective philosophical progress. (shrink)

Partindo do presuposto de que Heidegger foi o autor que mais influenciou a obra de Hans-Georg Gadamer, o presente artigo visa esclarecer os contornos desta influência, analisando alguns dos principais temas do pensamento gadameriano, a saber: a historicidade da existência humana, a reabilitação da categoria do preconceito, a arte, a linguagem e a verdade. Mostra ainda como a orientação humanista de Gadamer constitui o principal ponto de divergência relativamente a Heidegger. Defende, por conseguinte, que a hermenêutica filosófica de Gadamer pode (...) ser interpretada como uma apropriação humanista do pensamento heideggeriano. /// Taking for granted that Heidegger was the author that most deeply influenced Gadamer's work, the present article aims at a clarification of such influence by examining some of the key themes of Gadamer's thought: the historicity of human existence, the rehabilitation of prejudice, as well as the reflection on art, language, and truth. The article explains thus how Gadamer's humanism constitutes the main point of divergence from Heidegger. It claims, moreover, that Gadamer's philosophical hermeneutics can be considered a humanistic appropriation of Heidegger's thought. (shrink)

Es una obra colegiada en homenaje al doctor Jorge Alberto Silva que reúne los trabajos de juristas que cultivan diversas ramas de la ciencia jurídica. Este libro, además de numeroso artículos dedicados al análisis y exposición de casos sobre derecho internacional, el lector encontrará que la filosofía del derecho, la teoría general del derecho, la teoría de la argumentación, así como la teoría de la constitución, convergen en los trabajos que componen este extenso volumen y dan como resultado (...) un texto transdisciplinario, complejo e integral de gran valor académico. (shrink)

Este artigo é uma reflexão sobre contribuições habermasianas à ética da informação. A questão da ética da informação continua a ser problemática. Ela deve ser coordenada desde que paradigma de relações interculturais? O caráter eurocêntrico das ciências da informação tem sido problematizado, sobretudo em relação aos regimes de verdade que se produzem na ciência e na tecnologia. O que significa a produção de conhecimento e a troca de saberes de caráter emacipatório para a ciência da informação? Embora essa questão não (...) tenha sido abordada diretamente por Habermas, há elementos de sua investigação que podem trazer contribuições relevantes. Em diálogo como González de Gómez, Albagli, Capurro e Floridi oferecemos alguns elementos da reflexão habermasiana ao tema. Os conceitos de aprendizagem comunicativa e liberdade comunicativa podem ter amplo interesse para uma ética intercultural da informação. (shrink)

Este ensaio discute a relevância de algumas abordagens epistemológicas, éticas e políticas de Jürgen Habermas para a análise de práticas de justiça de transição. Como objeto da análise, parte-se da experiência do autor como consultor de um dos grupos de trabalho da Comissão Nacional da Verdade brasileira, que foi estabelecida pela Lei 12528/2011. A construção da análise é teórica e não empírica, portanto despreza para efeitos argumentativos os meandros das investigações, depoimentos, audiências públicas e outros mecanismos de pesquisa efetivamente usados (...) pelos grupos de trabalho da Comissão Nacional da Verdade. O escopo da investigação é o papel da busca cooperativa da verdade, como empreendimento epistemológico, na consecução de elementos que favoreçam a reconciliação nacional e ao estabelecimento de um repertório hermenêutico capaz de criar condições para o entendimento mútuo, ante situações de superação de injustiças cometidas historicamente. O recurso à teoria de Jürgen Habermas é justificado, não apenas pela biografia deste autor, que se retroalimenta da necessidade histórica de reparação das injustiças cometidas pelo Nacional Socialismo na Alemanha, porém, sobretudo, pelas investigações sobre o papel da aprendizagem comunicativa como elemento restabelecedor de uma solidariedade construída em bases morais, de uma ética discursiva, que favorecem ao estabelecimento do Estado de direito e da democracia deliberativa. Neste sentido, a argumentação desenvolvida parte de constatações da Comissão Nacional da Verdade, se debruça sobre aspectos da ética do discurso, referentes à resolução de conflitos e se conclui com apreciações sobre o papel da justificação no estabelecimento da verdade. (shrink)

BackgroundFor a long time, in sports, researchers have tried to understand an expert by comparing them with novices, raising the doubts if the visual search characteristics distinguish experts from novices. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to review and conduct a meta-analysis to evaluate the differences in visual search behavior between experts and novices in team sports athletes.MethodsThis systematic review with meta-analysis followed the PRISMA 2020 and Cochrane's guidelines. Healthy team athletes were included, which engaged in regular practice, (...) from any sex or competitive level, specifically classified a priori as expert or novice in the original research. We considered only research published in peer-reviewed journals, with no limitations regarding date or language. It was considered healthy team sport athletes engaged in regular practice. The scenarios could be in situ or film-based. The databases of EBSCO, PubMed, Scopus, SPORTDiscus, and Web of Science were used to perform the searches. The risk of bias was calculated through the RoBANS tool.ResultsFrom a total of 6,257 records, of which 985 were duplicates, titles and abstracts of 5,272 were screened, and 45 required full-text analysis. Of those, 23 were excluded due to not fulfilling the eligibility criteria regarding participants. In the end, 22 studies were selected, however, as two studies were part of the same trial and were analyzed conjointly.DiscussionExperts showed to be older and with more years of practice. The ability to distinguish experts from novices was not so clear regarding the variables analyzed. This could be due to the strategies chosen in each study, which were specific to each scenario, and when grouping all together, it was lost information within non-representative averages. The distinction between experts and novices was not clear, showing a lot of heterogeneity in the included studies. The expert classification itself may have been the conditioning aspect for these results, retaining the doubt and the need for more studies in the field.Systematic review registrationThe protocol was pre-registered in OSF. (shrink)

Partindo do presuposto de que Heidegger foi o autor que mais influenciou a obra de Hans-Georg Gadamer, o presente artigo visa esclarecer os contornos desta influência, analisando alguns dos principais temas do pensamento gadameriano, a saber: a historicidade da existência humana, a reabilitação da categoria do preconceito, a arte, a linguagem e a verdade. Mostra ainda como a orientação humanista de Gadamer constitui o principal ponto de divergência relativamente a Heidegger. Defende, por conseguinte, que a hermenêutica filosófica de Gadamer pode (...) ser interpretada como uma apropriação humanista do pensamento heideggeriano. /// Taking for granted that Heidegger was the author that most deeply influenced Gadamer's work, the present article aims at a clarification of such influence by examining some of the key themes of Gadamer's thought: the historicity of human existence, the rehabilitation of prejudice, as well as the reflection on art, language, and truth. The article explains thus how Gadamer's humanism constitutes the main point of divergence from Heidegger. It claims, moreover, that Gadamer's philosophical hermeneutics can be considered a humanistic appropriation of Heidegger's thought. (shrink)

O presente ensaio se insere no âmbito da Filosofia Moderna (séculos XVII-XX), com ênfase numa problemática compartilhada pela Metafísica da mente e pela Filosofia da Física. De um ponto de vista histórico-conceitual, trata-se de retomar a contribuição de Henri Bergson para a compreensão do significado filosófico da Física moderna. Para tanto, projeta-se aqui (i) reconstituir, por uma abordagem histórico-conceptual, a mudança operada no conceito de matéria quando da ruptura entre a Filosofia Natural Clássica e a Filosofia Natural Moderna; (ii) indicar (...) como a prioridade ou o abandono do conceito de matéria ocasionou uma cisão interna na Filosofia Natural Moderna; (iii) mostrar que, segundo Bergson, o problema mente-corpo se origina da concepção cartesiana de matéria e dos desdobramentos desta em outras filosofias; (iv) examinar como Bergson assume criticamente uma concepção de matéria familiar as de J. Maxwell, J. Thomson e M. Faraday; (v) mostrar assim que a originalidade de Bergson consiste em estabelecer a distinção entre dois tipos de “extensão” (“_l’étendue_” e “_l’extension_”), que, se estiverem amparadas na experiência como se espera, suprimem as contradições dos dualismos e autorizam afirmar tanto a realidade da matéria quanto a do “espírito”. (shrink)

Muitos termos possuem um sentido técnico sem que ele seja evidente para todos, por exemplo, a "governança ambiental", termo que remete no contexto atual a uma participação cidadã nesse tipo de questão, por exemplo, da saúde de um ecossistema específico, tal como uma floresta ou um vale agrícola, a partir de preocupações partilhadas e não a partir de uma problemática de controle organizacional. Após ter tornado preciso o que é a expertise e quais são os principais problemas postos pelo recurso (...) à expertise nos contextos da ação cidadã, proponho que as expertises técnicas podem ser postas no mesmo patamar que outros tipos de expertise, referindo principalmente aos saberes comuns, à prática e à experiência concreta, dita "de campo", o que corresponde a uma ampliação. Sugere-se, então, o modelo de fórum híbrido como quadro teórico possível dessa reformulação da concepção de expertise. Many terms have a technical meaning although it is not evident for everyone, for example, the "environmental governance", term that refers in the present context to citizen participation on this type of question, for example, of the health of a specific ecosystem, such as a forest or an agricultural field, from shared preoccupations and not from a problematic of organizational control. After having made precise what is the expertise and what are the main problems posed by the recourse to the expertise in the contexts of citizen action, I propose that technical expertise can be tantamount to other types of expertise, referring mainly to profane knowledge, to the practice and concrete experience called "of field", which corresponds to an enlargement. Then it is suggested the model of an hybrid forum as a possible theoretical frame of this reformulation of the conception of expertise. (shrink)

This article addresses, in general lines, the discussion of western philosophical thought as a basic for establishing the conception of nature, society and the role of science and education in this context. Aims to discuss the dialectical historical materialist method, pointing out essential elements present in the methodological course. It also analyzes aspects of ontological criticism as a possible theoretical foundation for human education process in which the social being produces its own objective and subjective conditions of existence.

O bem-estar pessoal de adolescentes é um tema de crescente interesse na literatura científica, especialmente quando se considera a escassez de artigos que considerem o ponto de vista dos adolescentes. Este estudo busca analisar relações entre bem-estar pessoal de pais e filhos e seus valores aspirad..

This open access book features essays written by philosophers, biologists, ecologists and conservation scientists facing the current biodiversity crisis. Despite increasing communication, accelerating policy and management responses, and notwithstanding improving ecosystem assessment and endangered species knowledge, conserving biodiversity continues to be more a concern than an accomplished task. Why is it so?The overexploitation of natural resources by our species is a frequently recognised factor, while the short-term economic interests of governments and stakeholders typically clash with the burdens that implementing conservation (...) actions imply. But this is not the whole story. This book develops a different perspective on the problem by exploring the conceptual challenges and practical defiance posed by conserving biodiversity, namely: on the one hand, the difficulties in defining what biodiversity is and characterizing that “thing” to which the word ‘biodiversity’ refers to; on the other hand, the reasons why assessing biodiversity and putting in place effective conservation actions is arduous. (shrink)

In this paper, the need of increasing transdisciplinarity research is advocated. After having set out some peculiarity of transdisciplinarity compared with related concepts such as multidisciplinarity and interdisciplinarity, four evolutionary stages of scientific disciplines, based on a model recently proposed are presented. This model is then applied to the case of Plant Physiology in order to attempt an evaluation of the potential for transdisciplinary engagement of the discipline, and each of the four stages of the discipline is evaluated. In conclusion, (...) some future perspectives of Plant Physiology are sketched with reference to its transdisciplinary potential. (shrink)

O presente texto tem como objetivo discutir expressões das masculinidades negras a partir da poética do rap na produção do rapper paulista Criolo.

Charles Darwin's curiosity had a remarkable childlike enthusiasm driven by an almost compulsive appetite for a constant process of discovery, which he never satiated despite his many voyages. He would puzzle about the smallest things, from the wonders of barnacles to the different shapes, colours and textures of the beetles which he obsessively collected, from flowers and stems to birds, music and language, and would dedicate years to understanding the potential significance of everything he saw. Darwin's findings and theories relied (...) heavily on that same curiosity, on seeking and answering questions, however long these would take to clarify. His son Francis Darwin often recalls how "he would ask himself 'now what do you want to say' and his answer written down would often disentangle the confusion". In fact, "disentangling confusions" seems to have been the driving force behind Darwin's scientific pursuits, as he was struck with bewilderment when contemplating the luxuriousness of life. It was also the impetus for this book. The true implications of Darwin's legacy remain as controversial to the critics of our time as they were to his contemporaries. Darwin's impact within and beyond the biological sciences is both daunting and exhilarating, and attests to the need for an interdisciplinary approach by remaining a challenge to many scholars in the most diverse fields. The recent revival of his theories has opened a Pandora's box of different theoretical studies that are particularly receptive to exploring new and exciting angles of research. (shrink)

Utopias are embedded in contexts from which they derive meaning and significance. As a vehicle for speculation, intervention, and creativity, narrative utopia reflects the circumstances of its times, including its culture's relationship to the past. This article offers a survey of ways in which utopias engage with the problematics of historical memory both by looking to the past in the “real” world or in a mythical world and by positing fictional peoples with their own historical memory/ies, as instanced in legends, (...) libraries, works of art, and so on. The erasure or falsification of memory, on the other hand, appears as an important leitmotif of the dystopian imagination. By pointing out a variety of examples and issues, the article will attempt to bridge the existing gap between utopian studies and cultural memory studies. (shrink)

This ar ti cle is di vided into three parts. In the first part Kant´s ar gu men ta tion fol low ing all the steps given in Fundamentación III is ex - plained. The com monly ac cepted in ter nal di vi - sion was fol lowed, and not the sets of para graphs in di cated by Mc Car thy. In the sec ond..

El presente artículo se enmarca en el campo de la comprensión acerca del sentido que se le otorga a la escuela. En este caso se contextualiza la pregunta en estudiantes mapuche que asisten a un colegio rural de alta vulnerabilidad socioeconómica. A través de un enfoque cualitativo se buscó principalmente comprender el sentido que le dan niños y niñas a la escuela y las motivaciones que tienen para asistir. Participaron 20 niños y niñas en dos grupos focales. Luego de los (...) análisis iniciales se procedió a volver al campo realizando diez entrevistas individuales. Los resultados muestran que el sentido de la escuela se configura tanto por motivaciones internas como expectativas que tienen los padres sobre el futuro de sus hijos. Desde la mirada de los estudiantes, tanto profesores como padres motivan a los estudiantes a salir de la ruralidad, a seguir estudios superiores como una fórmula de éxito social. (shrink)

Este artículo trata, en un primer momento, de presentar los puntos fundamentales de la propuesta de Deleuze y Guattari en torno a la literatura menor, para pasar, en un segundo momento, a mostrar cómo, en Tirano Banderas, Del Valle-Inclán crea una literatura menor que permite al lector experimentar distintas maneras de enunciación que rompen formas tradicionales de creación literaria y expresan intensidades y rupturas en el mecanismo maquínico de ejercicio del poder en América Latina. De esta manera, Tirano Banderas, como (...) obra de arte, vuelve sensible preceptos y afectos autónomos en el marco de una metamorfización de la forma en la que se presentan los personajes, los contenidos y los acontecimientos. (shrink)

In this paper, I argue that a reconciliation between science and nature is possible by way of the role played by ecological sciences on the aesthetical and ethical appraisal of natural diversity. First, I show that the aim of science – namely natural sciences – is to dominate nature and contend that environmental ethics was founded to support nature’s protection from the perils of science. I then show that when environmental ethics is supported by environmental aesthetics, a different role may (...) be assigned to science. I start by building on Allen Carlson’s philosophical aesthetics to show that the aesthetical appraisal of nature requires a scientific understanding of the ecological processes. Finally, I refer to Holmes Rolston’s environmental ethics to show how nature’s ethical value may arise from Carlson’s peculiar aesthetic evaluation. (shrink)

Biological conservation has a long story, but what distinguishes Conservation Biology from previous conservation fields is its multidisciplinary scope and its character as a mission-oriented crisis discipline. These characteristics suggested the introduction of the metaphor of biological conservation as a sort of surgery. This paper is about the initial stages of such surgery. Firstly, some data about the so-called “Big Sixth”—the disease—will be presented together with some information about Conservation Biology—the surgeon. Then epistemic and epistemological difficulties in extinction assessment and (...) conservation prioritization, and triage in particular, will be pointed out. It will be argued that, while data deficiency arising from empirical and practical constraints can in principle be overcome, a different order of difficulties stems from the competition among several species concepts. In this case, it will be suggested that the extent of complications is of such significance to require a thorough re-assessment of the very nature of the patients, i.e., outside the metaphor, of the concept of species. (shrink)

Natura 2000 is a network of natural sites whose aim is to preserve species and habitats of relevance in the European Union. The policy underlying Natura 2000 has faced widespread opposition from land users and received extensive support from environmentalists. This paper addresses the ethical framework for Natura 2000 and the probable moral assumptions of its main stakeholders. Arguments for and against Natura 2000 were analyzed and classified according to “strong” or “weak” versions of the three main theories of environmental (...) ethics – anthropocentrism, biocentrism, and ecocentrism. Weak (intergenerational) anthropocentrism was found to underlie the Natura 2000 network itself and the positions of environmentalists, while strong (traditional) anthropocentrism pervaded the positions of economic developers. Land users seemed to fall somewhere between weak and strong anthropocentrism. The paper discusses the relation between ethics and different attitudes towards Natura 2000, highlighting some of the implications for the network’s ongoing implementation. It is shown that Natura 2000 achieves a strong reversal of the burden of proof from conservation to economic development and land use change under anthropocentrism. It is argued that the alleged theoretical divide between anthropocentrism and non-anthropocentrism in relation to the burden of proof does not seem to hold in practice. Finally, it is predicted that the weak versions of anthropocentrism, biocentrism, and ecocentrism, are likely to converge extensively in respect to nature conservation policy measures. (shrink)

The development of educational technologies is enhancing a distinctive feature of learning environments: the learner’s personalized environment. However, the current literature in e-learning seems to neglect an important discussion: will individuals and organizations face an enhancement concerning ethical dilemmas due to this evolution? To promote this discussion, this paper builds on a consideration of e-learning definition and its ethical dilemmas, and human-centred learning concept and its dimensions, to examine the implications of integrating social and cultural contexts. By examining the evolution (...) of e-learning management systems the argument progresses to a discussion of the relationships between pedagogy and ethics. By framing evidence at different scales, the authors critically reflect on the ethical dilemmas embedded in e-learning systems. The discussion concludes with advocating the adoption of an extension of “three P” mode of pedagogy to become the “P3E” model: personalization, participation, productivity, lecturer’s ethics, learner’s ethics, and organizational ethics. (shrink)

O crescente desenvolvimento das Tecnologias de Informação e Comunicação (TIC) vem trazendo mudanças significativas nas tarefas realizadas no cotidiano. O presente estudo tem como objetivo identificar como a inclusão digital pode favorecer o empoderamento, a qualidade de vida e o bem-estar das pessoas. Constitui uma revisão integrativa da literatura, realizada em bases de dados científicas. Como critérios de inclusão, optou-se por artigos publicados nos últimos 10 anos (2011 – 2020), em português, inglês e espanhol. O levantamento bibliográfico localizou 47 artigos, (...) dentre os quais nove atenderam aos critérios de inclusão e foram analisados. Os resultados indicaram que a inclusão digital está positivamente associada à qualidade de vida, e essa a índices mais elevados de educação, saúde e segurança econômica. Identificou-se também fatores limitantes ao empoderamento das mulheres e idosos. (shrink)

:The bulk of Mel Gibson's output as filmmaker consists of a trilogy on historical subjects: Braveheart, The Passion and Apocalypto. This article points to a degree of imaginative consistency underlying Gibson's work. It seeks to acknowledge a personal vision of the nature and significance of human events – a vision articulated through the choice of recurring cinematic techniques and visual-thematic motifs. All three films inculcate a sense of history as fundamentally dependent on acts of ritualization, at the centre of which (...) lies the sacrifice of the individual. They share an authorial vision which hinges upon the question of death and transcendence. Gibson's oeuvre foregrounds the conviction that human experience is patterned in accordance with archetypal narratives whose seemingly universal validity is suggested by the presentation of cross-cultural analogues in successive films. (shrink)

Este artículo propone estudiar la relación que hay entre filosofía y literatura para Deleuze y Guattari. La tesis de central muestra que se debe captar el diferencial justo donde ambas, filosofía y literatura están conectadas, a saber, en el acontecimiento. Por el tratamiento que cada una tiene del acontecimiento, resulta que ambas posibilitan, a su modo, nuevos cambios en la vida de los humanos. En la primera parte se expone la concepción del arte y de la filosofía, a partir del (...) bloque de sensación y del concepto. En la segunda parte, se expone la particularidad de la creación literaria respecto del lenguaje, la escritura, el sentido y el acontecimiento. En la tercera sección se precisa que la línea de fuga completa, en términos temporales, el acontecimiento en la literatura. La cuarta y última parte presenta el diferencial entre filosofía y literatura, para mostrar los derroteros hacia la relación con la filosofía política. (shrink)

As muitas verdades sobre a infância de nosso tempo, das mais catedráticas às mais “inovadoras”, encontram-se compiladas em livros e artigos dentro e fora de nossas bibliotecas. Grosso modo, elas constroem dois tipos de niilismo. Um niilismo de tipo universalista, que suga a criança para fora da imanência da vida e da histórica e a torna refém de estereótipos universais. Outro niilismo de tipo relativista, que esquece a criança e apenas acusa os estudos da infância como mera invenção. Evitar esses (...) extremos requer uma espécie de arte acrobática de equilibrar-se na possibilidade de um entre. Essa via busca retomar a imanência histórica da criança. Trata-se de uma pesquisa em busca da potencialização da ideia de invenção cuja atitude crítica implicasse não a pergunta pelo governo certo ou pela ausência de governo da infância, mas como não a governar assim, por essas pessoas, em nome destes princípios, em vista de tais objetivos e por meio de tais procedimentos. (shrink)

O artigo examina a ideia da filosofia com base no questionamento sobre a esfera pré-teoréticada vivência do mundo do entorno (Umwelterlebnis) na segunda parte da preleção acadêmica intitulada“A ideia da filosofia e o problema da visão de mundo” de 1919 (GA 56/57, p. 63-76). Após desqualificar,na primeira parte da preleção, a teleologia crítica dos neokantianos da Escola de Baden a partir danecessidade de interrogar o que é dado quando se fala justamente de doação (material ou ideal nessadoutrina), Martin Heidegger privilegia (...) o Umwelt como esfera apreendida com base em uma “ciência préteórica originaria”. Examinando, fenomenologicamente, as vivências da pergunta (Frageerlebnis), dacátedra (Kathedererlebnis) e destacando o caráter de apropriação (Ereignis) de tais vivências (§§ 13, 14,15 do curso em questão), Heidegger preserva o caráter mundanizante ao verbalizar o substantivo Welt(“es weltet”) no exemplo da vivência da cátedra. Assim procedendo, ele rompe com o primado doteorético (isto é, com a relação entre percepção e conhecimento) em favor da dimensão da“significatividade” da qual parte com o objetivo de pleitear nesse período uma ciência não teórica paraentender o ver fenomenológico como um “compreender intuitivamente” ou como uma “intuiçãohermenêutica”. (shrink)